![]() ![]() Pressure changes of 5 mmHg from the target pressure were allowed to accommodate changes induced by breathing. The pressure biofeedback unit was inflated until the pressure reached 40 mmHg, and then the participant and the principal investigator (J.H.L.) monitored pressure changes during the SHA exercises to ensure that pressure was maintained between 35 and 45 mmHg. Participants had to observe the analog gauge of the pressure biofeedback unit to maintain the deter- mined target pressure during hip abduction. The principal investigator (J.H.L.) instructed participants on its use with consistent verbal cues. 10 Familiarization was necessary, however, because partici- pants were unfamiliar with using a pressure biofeedback unit during SHA exercises. The pressure biofeedback unit pro- vides visual feedback to prevent unwanted changes in body position during SHA exercises used effectively, it can decrease substitution from the quadratus lumborum, increase activity of the Gmed, and prevent excessive lat- eral tilt of the lumbopelvic region in the frontal plane. 21 The pressure biofeedback unit was placed between the treatment table and the participant’s lumbar spine in the side-lying position. Before testing, participants jogged around a gym for 5 minutes at a submaximal speed to warm up and to reduce possible discomfort while performing SHA exercises. Root-mean-square values were calculated with a moving window of 50 milliseconds, and Myo-Research Master Edition 1.06 XP software analyzed the EMG data. A digital band-pass filter (Lancosh FIR), between 20 and 450 Hz, filtered the raw signals. A Tele-Myo DTS EMG instrument with a wireless telemetry system (Noraxon, Inc, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) collected EMG data. Before the study, participants read and signed a written consent form. 20 The study protocol was approved by the local university human studies committee. 19 The terms overweight and obesity were defined as having a body- mass index >25. ![]() 18 Overweight or obese candidates were excluded because fatty tissue acts as a low-pass filter for electrical signals. If the iliotibial band is short, it does not allow the test leg to drop toward the table beyond 10°. 18 In this test, a normal iliotibial band stretches when the hip adducts beyond 10°. In addition, shortness of the iliotibial band was excluded by the modified Ober test. ![]() 17 Exclusion criteria included past or present musculoskeletal, neurological, or cardiopulmonary diseases that could interfere with SHA. 6,8 Participants had to be between 18 and 30 years of age, free from past or current inflammatory arthritis or lower-extremity and back dysfunction, and able to main- tain 5 seconds of isometric SHA. A soccer- ball-kicking exercise established the dominant leg for each participant. Table 1 presents information about the participants. 207 from the pilot study), with an α level of. 80 and an effect size of 0.51 (calculated by partial η 2 of. A necessary sample size of 7 participants was calculated from data obtained from a pilot study of 7 participants to achieve a power of. G-power software provided power analyses. Frontal SHA exercise (with N, MR, and LR) and muscles (Gmed, TFL) were the independent variables, and surface electromyography (EMG) was the dependent variable. Participants attended a 1-hour testing session at the uni- versity. The hypothesis was that Gmed muscle activity would increase, that TFL muscle activity would decrease, and that the Gmed:TFL muscle- activity ratio would be greater in frontal SHA-MR than with the other exercises. SHA with hip MR (frontal SHA-MR), and frontal SHA with hip LR (frontal SHA-LR). ![]()
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